Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and programmed cell death recur across organs, and organ crosstalk amplifies harm. Parental exposure may also cause transgenerational effects in offspring.
A February 2026 review in Frontiers in Public Health on how microplastics accumulate in the liver, brain, lungs, kidneys, intestines, heart and reproductive organs. It focuses on how communication between organs, such as the gut-liver and gut-brain axes, amplifies damage.
