The bisphenols brought in to replace BPA reproduce BPA-like estrogenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenic effects, and all three exposure classes converge on the same biology: disrupted steroid hormone synthesis, oxidative stress, inflammation and damaged reproductive tissue barriers. Substituting one plastic chemical for another does not remove the hazard.
A September 2026 review in Frontiers in Endocrinology that treats three plastic-derived exposures together rather than separately: BPA replacement chemicals, phthalates, and micro- and nanoplastics. It prioritises human biomonitoring, reproductive-tissue and fertility-clinic evidence, and builds a shared mechanistic framework around disrupted steroidogenesis and oxidative stress.
